Specialty Imaging: Temporomandibular Joint and Sleep-Disordered Breathing, 2nd Edition

SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING THE TMJAND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

4 Embryology and Fetal Development of the Face and Neck
Roya Sohaey, MD

14 TMJ Embryology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

16 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD

20 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

30 TMJ Effect on Upper Airway Morphology
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

36 TMJ, Upper Airway, and Cervical Spine
Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS

40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS

48 TMJ and the Atlantooccipital Joint
Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT, Jay H. Levy, DDS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

56 The Concept of Tensegrity
Jay H. Levy, DDS

60 Condylar Motions Related to Jaw Function
Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD

66 4D Mandibular Movements
Domingo Martín, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD

72 TMJ Biomechanics and Structure of the Mandibular Condyle
Le W. Huwe, BS, Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, and Jerry Hu, PhD

76 Structure and Function of the TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments
Le W. Huwe, BS and Jerry Hu, PhD

80 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

92 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract
Steve Carstensen, DDS

SECTION 2: ANATOMY TMJ

98 TMJ Osseous Components
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

110 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

116 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

120 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

124 TMJ Innervation
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

126 TMJ Vasculature
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

MUSCLES

130 Muscles of Mastication
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

132 Muscles of Facial Expression
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

138 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

152 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

164 Tongue
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

168 Posterior Cervical Muscles
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

JAWS

172 Mandible
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

178 Maxilla
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

184 Teeth
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

TEMPORAL BONE

190 Temporal Bone
H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

206 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

212 Hypopharynx
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

222 Sinonasal Overview
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

232 Ostiomeatal Unit
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

236 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

SKULL BASE

246 Skull Base Overview
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

252 Anterior Skull Base
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

258 Central Skull Base
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

264 Posterior Skull Base
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ

274 Cranial Nerves Overview
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

286 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

298 Facial Nerve (CNVII)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

306 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

312 Vagus Nerve (CNX)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

318 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

322 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS

328 Cervical Spine
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

346 Craniocervical Junction
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

356 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

360 Hyoid Bone
Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD

SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ IMAGING AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

368 Imaging Decision Making
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

370 Formulating the TMJ/Upper Airway Report
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

HARD TISSUE IMAGING

374 Plain Film Imaging of the TMJ
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

380 Plain Film Imaging of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

382 Arthrography
Richard W. Katzberg, MD

384 Introduction to CBCT Imaging
Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Abdurrahman Al-Ekrish, BDS, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.

392 CBCT Analysis of TMJ
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

398 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

402 Radiation Dose in CBCT
Asma'a Abdurrahman Al-Ekrish, BDS, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS

406 Introduction to MDCT Imaging
Asma'a Abdurrahman Al-Ekrish, BDS, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

412 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis
Asma'a Abdurrahman Al-Ekrish, BDS, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.

SOFT TISSUE IMAGING

420 Introduction to MR Imaging
Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR

428 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging
Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR

432 Introduction to USG
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD

436 Ultrasound of the TMJ
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD

440 Dynamic MR of the TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD

444 Arthroscopy
Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES

CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD

452 Functional Disorders of Muscles
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

458 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

466 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms to Radiographic Findings
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS
 
478 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting the TMJ
Caroline D. Robson, MBChB and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

490 Hemifacial Microsomia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS

494 Condylar Hypoplasia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

498 Condylar Hyperplasia
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

504 Coronoid Hyperplasia
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

508 Hemimandibular Elongation
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

512 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

514 Foramen Tympanicum
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD

TRAUMA

516 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

522 TMJ Dislocation
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

524 Bifid Condyle
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

528 Osteochondritis Dissecans
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

530 Rheumatoid Arthritis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

536 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

542 Septic Arthritis
Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

546 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

548 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS

552 Degenerative Joint Disease
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

556 Progressive Condylar Resorption
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

562 Synovial Cyst
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

564 TMJ Ganglion Cyst
Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS
 
568 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

572 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

576 Overview of Disc Displacements
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

582 Disc Displacement With Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

588 Disc Displacement Without Reduction
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

594 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations
Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS

600 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Internal Derangement
Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD

604 Adhesions
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

ACQUIRED CONDITIONS

606 Dual Bite
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

612 Fulcrum Formation
Alberto Canabez, MD

616 Fibrous Ankylosis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

618 Bony Ankylosis
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

620 Osteoradionecrosis
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS

624 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

628 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

630 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

BENIGN NEOPLASMS

634 Osteochondroma
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

640 Osteoma
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

642 Chondrosarcoma
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

646 Osteosarcoma
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

648 Metastasis
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

MISCELLANEOUS

650 Simple Bone Cyst
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

652 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

656 Fibrous Dysplasia
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS

660 Attrition
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

662 Abfraction
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

663 Hypercementosis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

664 Cemental Fractures
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD

666 Alveolar Process Exostosis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

668 Torus Mandibularis
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

670 Torus Palatinus
Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS

SECTION 5: UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACTDIAGNOSES CLINICAL PRESENTION OF SLEEP­DISORDERED BREATHING

674 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Steve Carstensen, DDS

678 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms to Radiographic Findings
Steve Carstensen, DDS

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS

680 Cleft Lip, Palate
Roya Sohaey, MD

684 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)
Kevin R. Moore, MD

685 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Kara G. Gill, MD and B. J. Manaster, MD, PhD, FACR

686 Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Kevin R. Moore, MD

690 Treacher Collins Syndrome
Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

692 Pierre Robin Sequence
Caroline D. Robson, MBChB and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

696 Mucopolysaccharidosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

697 CHARGE Syndrome
William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

698 Cherubism
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

SINONASAL CAVITY

700 Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Sinonasal
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

702 Anomalies and Congenital Conditions, Sinonasal
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

ENTITIES: ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL

708 Nasal Cycle
Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD

712 Deviated Nasal Septum
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

714 Concha Bullosa
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

716 Accessory Ostia
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

718 Hypoplasia/Aplasia
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

722 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

723 Choanal Atresia
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

724 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

725 Nasal Glioma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

726 Nasal Dermal Sinus
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

727 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

728 Upper Airway Infantile Hemangioma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

729 Skull Base CSF Leak
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

730 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

732 Odontogenic Sinusitis
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

ENTITIES: INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL

733 Acute Rhinosinusitis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

734 Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Philip R. Chapman, MD

735 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

736 Sinus Mycetoma
Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD

737 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

738 Sinonasal Polyposis
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

739 Solitary Sinonasal Polyp
Philip R. Chapman, MD

740 Sinonasal Mucocele
Philip R. Chapman, MD

741 Sinonasal Organized Hematoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD

742 Silent Sinus Syndrome
Philip R. Chapman, MD

743 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)
Philip R. Chapman, MD

744 Nasal Cocaine Necrosis
Philip R. Chapman, MD

ENTITIES: BENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL

Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

746 Sinonasal Osteoma
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

747 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A. Michel, MD

748 Juvenile Angiofibroma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

749 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

Sinonasal Hemangioma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

751 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath Tumor
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

752 Sinonasal Benign Mixed Tumor
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

ENTITIES: MALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL

753 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

754 Esthesioneuroblastoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

755 Sinonasal Melanoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

756 Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

757 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH

758 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

759 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

760 Sinonasal Chondrosarcoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

761 Sinonasal Osteosarcoma
Blair A. Winegar, MD

762 Rhabdomyosarcoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

763 Skull Base Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
C.Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

PARANASAL SINUSES

764 Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Paranasal
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

OROPHARYNX

768 Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Oropharynx
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

ENTITIES: ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX

769 Congenital Vallecular Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

770 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

771 Lingual Thyroid
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

772 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

773 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

774 Tonsillar Inflammation
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD
 
775 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar Abscess
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

ENTITIES: INFLAMMATOARY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX

ENTITIES: BENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX

776 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD Karen L. Salzman, MD

778 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed Tumor
Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

ENTITIES: MALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARINX

779 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

780 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal Space
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

781 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

782 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and Neck
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

783 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Aparna Singhal, MD

784 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

785 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal Space
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

786 Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Kathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

787 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD

NASOPHARYNX

788 Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Nasopharynx
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

ENTITIES: ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX
789 Tornwaldt Cyst
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

790 Fossa Navicularis Magna
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD

791 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal
C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

ENTITIES: INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX

792 Adenoid Vegetation/Hypertrophy
Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

796 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal Space
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

797 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

ENTITIES: BENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

798 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

799 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and Neck
Daniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

800 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

801 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and Neck
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD

802 Invasive Pituitary Macroadenoma
C.Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

ENTITIES: MALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX

803 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Aparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD

804 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

805 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR

806 Extraosseous Chordoma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

807 Skull Base Plasmacytoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD

CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS

808 Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

SECTION 6: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD

812 Periapical Rarefying Osteitis
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

816 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections
Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR

820 Osteomyelitis of the Jaw
Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

824 Perineural Tumor Spread
Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD

TMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES

828 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMD
Ben Balough, MD

836 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging Issues
Karen L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

842 EAC-Acquired Cholesteatoma
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

843 Necrotizing External Otitis
Philip R. Chapman, MD, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

844 Keratosis Obturans
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

845 EAC Osteoma
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

846 Medial Canal Fibrosis
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

847 EAC Basal Cell Carcinoma_old
Nayela Keen, MD and Arnaud F. Bewley, MD

848 EAC Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Hilda E. Stambuk, MD

849 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
 
850 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent Otomastoiditis
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB
 
851 Labyrinthitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD

852 Pars Flaccida Cholesteatoma
Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

853 Temporal Bone Fibrous Dysplasia
Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

854 Temporal Bone Fractures
Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, and Bradley Strong, MD

856 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid Malignancy
Hilda E. Stambuk, MD and Arnaud F. Bewley, MD

CERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES MIMICKING TMD

858 Craniovertebral Junction Subluxation and TMD
Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT, Jay H. Levy, DDS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

862 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

866 Cervical Spondylosis

868 Cervical Facet Arthropathy
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

870 Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine
Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

876 Ankylosing Spondylitis, Cervical Spine
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

877 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine
Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

878 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical Spine
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

880 Ligamentous Injury
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)
 
881 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

882 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

883 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition, Cervical Spine
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

884 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis
Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C)

MASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS

886 Masticator Space Overview
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

890 Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry
Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR

891 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

892 CNV3 Motor Denervation
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

894 Masticator Space Abscess
Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

896 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

898 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

900 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc
 
902 Masticator Space Sarcoma
Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

904 Bell Palsy
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD

906 Hemifacial Spasm
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD

908 Trigeminal Neuralgia
H.Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demiturk, DDS, MS, PhD

SECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHICDIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS CONDYLAR POSITION

912 Anterior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

918 Superior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

924 Posterior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

930 Inferior Condylar Position
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE

936 Small Condyle
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

942 Large Coronoid Process
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

944 Large Condyle
C.Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CONDYLAR EROSION

948 Well-Defined Erosion
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

954 Poorly Defined Erosion
David Hatcher, DDS, MSc

958 TMJ Radiopacities
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY MISCELLANEOUS

962 TMJ Soft Tissue Calcifications
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

964 Soft Tissue Calcifications, Head and Neck
Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS

968 TMJ Radiolucencies
C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)

SECTION 8: TMJ CLINICAL DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSIS RANGE OF MOTION

972 Limited Oral Opening
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

978 Hypermobility
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SOUNDS

980 Joint Sounds
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

982 Tinnitus
C.Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR

OCCLUSION/SYMMETRY CHANGES

988 Asymmetry
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

994 Posterior Open Bite
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1000 Anterior Open Bite
Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 9: SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES NASAL CAVITY
 
1008 Blocked Nasal
Valves Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1012 Large Nasal Turbines
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1016 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous Lesions
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1018 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1022 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1026 Perforated Nasal Septum
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1028 Nasal Lesion Without Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

1032 Nasal Lesion With Bony Destruction
Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)

NASOPHARYNX

1036 Soft Tissue Lesions in Nasopharynx
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OROPHARYNX

1042 Large Palatine Tonsils
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc
1046 Soft Tissue Between Tongue and Epiglottis

Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1050 Soft Tissue In Posterior Wall or Oropharynx
Noura Al-Sufyani, PhD, FRCD (C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 10: SLEEP-DISORDEREDBREATHING CLINICAL DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSES CHANGES IN CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND POSITION

1056 Convex Facial Profile
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1060 Small Jaws
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1064 Forward Head Posture
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN BREATHING PATTERN

1068 Mouth Breathing
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1072 Nasal Obstruction
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

CHANGES IN TEETH

1076 Flared and Proclined Teeth
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

1080 Crossbite
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

OTHER CRANIOFACIAL CHANGES

1084 Dark Circles Under Eyes
Steve Carstensen, DDS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc

SECTION 11: IMAGING OF TMJPROCEDURES OROFACIAL PAIN AND TMJ INJECTIONS

1090 TMJ Injection
Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

1092 Temporomandibular Joint Injection
Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

1096 Trigeminal Nerve Injection
Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA

1100 Scalp Block for Migraines and Facial Pain
Daewoong Lee, MD

1104 Trigger Points
Daewoong Lee, MD

TMJ SURGERY

1106 Total Joint Replacement
Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, and Colin Stanhope, MD

1116 TMJ Disc Replacement
Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, and Colin Stanhope, MD

1118 TMJ Arthroscopic Surgery Cascade
Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD

SECTION 12: IMAGING OF UPPERRESPIRATORY TRACT PROCEDURES SINONASAL PROCEDURES

1124 Adenoidectomy
Soroush Zaghi, MD

1128 Functional Endoscopic Procedure
Soroush Zaghi, MD
 
1130 Internal Nasal Valve Reconstruction
Soroush Zaghi, MD

1132 Septoplasty and Turbinectomy
Soroush Zaghi, MD

1136 Soft-Palate Procedures
Soroush Zaghi, MD

1138 Tonsillectomy
Soroush Zaghi, MD

NASOPHARYNGEAL/OROPHARYNGEAL PROCEDURES

1142 Tongue-Tie Release
Soroush Zaghi, MD and Chirag Govardhan, MD

MAXILLARY-MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT

1144 Introduction to Orthognathic Surgery
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1148 LeFort1 Osteotomy
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1149 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomies
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD

1150 MMA For Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Michael Gunson, DDS, MD